What is a key function of the nuclear membrane?

The nuclear membrane, also known as the nuclear envelope, serves a critical role in protecting the cell's genetic material, which is housed within the nucleus. This double-layered membrane forms a barrier that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm, thereby safeguarding DNA from damage and ensuring that the processes of transcription and replication can occur in a controlled environment. By regulating the exchange of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm through nuclear pores, it also helps maintain the integrity of the genetic information. This protective function is essential for proper cell functioning and the transmission of genetic information during cell division.

Other choices do not accurately describe a primary function of the nuclear membrane. For instance, while transport of proteins is crucial in cellular processes, it primarily involves the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Energy production occurs in the mitochondria, and photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which are functions unrelated to the nuclear membrane.